Town twinning is increasingly being used to establish strategic international trade links. For example, when Nottingham City Council in Britain considered installing a tram network in the 1990s, it consulted experts in its twin city of Karlsruhe, which has one of the largest and most efficient tram networks in Germany. A better list was drawn up by the Association of Polish Cities, which in January 1998 and at the end of 2000 conducted studies on the level of development of international cooperation between cities and municipalities throughout Poland (Brzozowska, 1998); Hałas and Porawski, 2003). These and other data from some regional reports or publications were used to conduct a survey. Considerable differences in the lists of twin cities in Poland, based on different sources, show that we must consider the absolute value of the data with extreme caution and take into account only the general nature of international connections. 38The highest real cooperation effects are characteristic of partnerships with Western European countries. Their share in real trade is much higher than that of the total number of notified agreements. The best results of cooperation in the field of trade in goods and people have been achieved in the framework of partnerships with German, Dutch, French and Danish municipalities. Human exchanges are bilateral in nature, whereas the flow of goods has hitherto been dominated by the direction of highly developed countries towards Poland. It is typical of most twinning between partners from developing and developed countries (Laurent, 1991); Schep et al. 1995; Hewitt 2000). The Polish authorities` support to their foreign partners is limited to administrative units in Eastern Europe, inhabited by a Polish minority, and to individual rescue missions organised to help partners from neighbouring countries in the event of a natural disaster (e.g. B Czech communities after the floods of 2002).

Town twinning is sometimes carried out for political purposes. The Hungarian city of Gyöngyös was associated with the Azerbaijani city of Shusha in 2013 and signed the partnership agreement with representatives of the Azerbaijani government; Hungary de jure recognized Shusha as part of Azerbaijan, although it was controlled at the time and until 2020 by the Armenian armed forces and the unrectified Arzakh. [59] In 2003, city councillors in Preston, England, attempted to partner in the name of solidarity with the Palestinian city of Nablus. [60] 28 In trans-regional international twinnings, the obstacles to cooperation were ”long distances” and communication difficulties due to a lack of knowledge of the partner`s language. . . .

Brazil`s exports to Argentina increased after the agreement was signed in 1991, but declined shortly after Argentina`s economic collapse in 2001. Instead, the main driver of trade for Brazil has been China`s rapid rise as a production power plant. In 2009, it became Brazil`s largest trading partner and the largest commodity market, as shown in the chart below. According to UN data, it continues to buy more raw materials from Brazil than from any other country. All this without a trade agreement between the two and even with a few commercial cracks. When the boom in the trade deal began in the early 90s, the size of Latin American manufacturing continued to shrink. It is not only because of the trade agreements – the rise of China that has been the main driver of this change, as it is buying up raw materials to fuel its rise and flood the world market with cheap producers – but they have played a role. World Bank data shows a downward trend in the region`s manufacturing industry, as a percentage of GDP, to just 13.72 percent in 2016, up from an average of 24.5 percent in 1989. .

. .

The ”deal trap” describes the tendency to accept a deal that is inferior to your BATNA or the best alternative to a negotiated deal. Do you want to deepen your understanding of the dynamics of negotiation? Check out our eight-week online Negotiation Mastery course and learn how to develop the skills and techniques you need to effectively close deals and close deals. The nature of zopa depends on the nature of the audience. [3] In distributive (competitive) negotiations where participants try to share a ”firm cake”, it is more difficult to find solutions acceptable to both parties, as both parties want to claim as much of the cake as possible. Allocation negotiations on a single topic are usually zero sums – there is a winner and a loser.

At the regional level, Thailand is a member of ASEAN and is therefore part of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement with China, Korea, India, Australia/New Zealand and the EU. It is also part of BIMSTEC and was, at least under Thaksin, the protagonist who committed to strengthening trade and investment integration in the Mekong region under ACMECS, a framework for cooperation between Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. [i] Trade Statistics, The Department of Trade Negotiation: www.dtn.go.th/images/89/Trade/traderank1258.pdf With regard to technical barriers to trade, Thailand is an active participant in standard international and regional organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization, the Pacific Area Standards Congress and the ASEAN Advisory Committee on Standards and Quality. While Thailand has concluded several plurilateral mutual recognition agreements, the ASEAN Agreement on Trade in Goods concluded by ASEAN countries obliges members to apply technical rules in order to facilitate the implementation of all ASEAN sectoral mutual recognition agreements (World Bank 2011). In addition, as a major exporter of agricultural and fishery products, sanitary and phytosanitary issues are of major importance to Thailand. It generally follows the standards of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the Codex Alimentarius and the International Plant Protection Agreement. However, it has also been reported that animal health standards are sometimes stricter than those set by the OIE. (WTO 2011). . .

In the case of offshore units, both the undertaking and the staff are required to comply with the provisions of the competent authority on safety on board. If these provisions do not apply, a local agreement defines how the security guard is to be kept on each unit. For this purpose, the unit is compared to similar units that have a security occupation imposed by a public authority. Security personnel shall carry out or work the work necessary to avoid risks to human life or substantial damage requested by the competent authority. This includes refueling people accommodated in housing units for similar reasons. It has been expressly stipulated that, for units subject to the Maritime Transport Act, it is the responsibility of the platform manager to assess what is appropriate and necessary in terms of safety. The rules do not apply where the worker has eligible wage and working conditions as a whole, in accordance with the agreement or legislation in force in his country of origin. If the parties find that an undertaking is notatised with regard to the setting of wages for the recipients of individual remuneration, the company shall ensure that all individually remunerated persons who so wish have a personal interview with a hierarchical superior on the criteria set out in the agreement, namely skills, experience, training, service time, as well as areas of work and responsibilities. and how they were assessed in relation to the person concerned. If a person considers that there is incompetence which forms the basis for a new assessment and, if necessary, the adjustment of the salary, the trusted man may demand that the case be submitted to the management of the company. If the local parties do not reach an agreement on a new agreement or if the revised agreement is not approved by the central organisations, the existing pool agreement may be terminated with a period of at least four months.

The contract expires at the end of the notice period and the conditions set out in the contract are governed on the basis of the provisions of the respective collective agreements. Framework Agreement on Equality between Women and Men in Working Life The Parties agree that, for the purposes of this Agreement, the agreed leave shall be fixed at leisure periods in the working cycle. Under a work plan of 2 weeks on board and alternately 3 and 4 weeks of free time, this means that the average annual working time in 2002 will be 11 hours longer than the 1582 hours of work provided for in the collective agreement. . . .